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Sanhedrin 72
The Gemara discusses the law of preemptive self-defense, as outlined in Shemos 22:1-2. In situations where there is a reasonable presumption of an imminent threat, such as a home invasion where the intruder is prepared to use deadly force, one is permitted to strike preemptively. This principle is universally accepted but often challenged in the context of Israel’s self-defense against terrorist threats like Hamas.
In Shmuel I (24), King David has a chance to ambush King Saul but chooses not to harm him. Instead, he cuts off a corner of Saul’s cloak as a warning, showing restraint despite the danger. However, King David feels guilty for this act of defiance against God’s chosen king.
The Arvei Nachal (Shlach 2:42) delves into Dovid HaMelech’s internal conflict. He explains that our desires can cloud our judgment in the heat of the moment, leading to regret afterward. King David tests his actions by cutting Saul’s cloak to gauge his feelings afterward. This self-reflection allows him to see the truth with clear eyes and understand the moral implications of his actions.
This insight serves as a guide for self-reflection, showing that our passions can blind us to the true nature of our actions. Taking a step forward and assessing our feelings afterward can provide clarity and reveal the righteousness of our decisions.
Lost And Found: Covenant, Kindness, And The Moral Code
Sanhedrin 76
The Gemara discusses the piety of returning a lost object to a gentile when it is not required by local laws or moral codes. Torah law goes beyond societal norms to focus on the covenant between man and God, emphasizing kindness and privileges within the Jewish community.
Rashi highlights that returning a lost object to a gentile without obligation implies following Torah laws out of personal choice rather than obedience to God. This concept aligns with the idea that certain commandments are not solely based on morality but are part of the covenant and relationship between God and Israel.
The Torah’s laws are designed to impress gentiles with the wisdom and morality of Jewish practices. While some commandments may seem morally sound, they are ultimately about honoring the covenant and following God’s will for its own sake.
By observing the commandments with the intent of honoring the relationship with God, we acknowledge the unique providence and closeness that comes from following His laws. This relationship transcends rationality and justice, highlighting the bond between God and Israel as more than just moral duty.